EarthMapped Plate boundaries
World map of divergent, convergent and transform plate boundariesAFRICANANTARCTICSOMALIINDIANAUSTRALIANEURASIANNORTH AMERICANSOUTH AMERICANNAZCAPACIFICARABIANSUNDACARIBBEANCOCOSOKHOTSKJUAN DE FUCAPHILIPPINE SEAAMURSCOTIAYANGTZE

Plate Boundaries Map

A plate boundary is the line where two tectonic plates meet. The PB2002 model maps 260,564 km of them, colored here by type.

  • Divergent boundary. Plates pull away from each other and new crust forms between them. Source
  • Convergent boundary. Plates move toward each other and crust is destroyed as one plate dives under another. Source
  • Transform boundary. Plates slide horizontally past each other. Crust is neither made nor destroyed. Source

Data source: PB2002 plate model, Bird (2003), converted by Hugo Ahlenius, Nordpil, ODC-By 1.0. Download: CSV , GeoJSON .

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Three types of plate boundary

At a divergent boundary Divergent boundary. Plates pull away from each other and new crust forms between them. Source plates pull apart and new crust forms in the gap. At a convergent boundary Convergent boundary. Plates move toward each other and crust is destroyed as one plate dives under another. Source they move toward each other, and one plate sinks under the other or both crumple into mountains. At a transform boundary Transform boundary. Plates slide horizontally past each other. Crust is neither made nor destroyed. Source they grind past each other side by side. The table totals each type from the boundary lines on the map. Speeds are the relative velocity of one plate against its neighbor Relative plate velocity. How fast one plate moves compared with its neighbor across a boundary, in millimeters per year. Source , averaged over the length of the boundary.

Plate boundary length and speed by type, PB2002
TypeLength (km)ShareSegmentsPlate pairsMean speed (mm/yr)Top speed (mm/yr)
Divergent 94,840 36% 702 87 38.2 202.1
Convergent 91,765 35% 235 99 44.7 263.1
Transform 73,959 28% 751 103 34.9 263.3

Data source: PB2002 plate model, Bird (2003), converted by Hugo Ahlenius, Nordpil, ODC-By 1.0. Download: CSV .

Key facts

  1. PB2002 maps 260,564 km of plate boundary between its 52 plates, in 5,819 short steps. Bird (2003)
  2. Divergent boundaries are the longest type, at 94,840 km (36% of the total).
  3. Convergent boundaries move fastest on average: 44.7 mm/yr across the boundary, weighted by length.
  4. 141 pairs of plates touch somewhere. Each pair can share more than one type of boundary.
  5. USGS describes four kinds of boundary: divergent, convergent, transform and broad plate boundary zones where the edges are not clear. USGS, Understanding plate motions
  6. Earth has stayed about the same size, so crust must be destroyed at convergent boundaries about as fast as it is made at divergent ones. USGS, Understanding plate motions

The seven boundary classes

Bird's model is finer than the three textbook types. Each short step of boundary gets one of 7 classes, which tell an ocean ridge from a rift on land, or a subduction zone Subduction zone. Where one plate sinks under another and back into the mantle, usually marked by a deep ocean trench. Source from a collision between two continents. We group the classes into the three types as shown.

PB2002 boundary classes
CodeClassTypeLength (km)Mean speed (mm/yr)
OSR Oceanic spreading ridge Divergent 67,367 46.6
CRB Continental rift boundary Divergent 27,473 17.6
SUB Subduction zone Convergent 51,309 62.3
OCB Oceanic convergent boundary Convergent 17,447 17.6
CCB Continental convergent boundary Convergent 23,009 26.2
OTF Oceanic transform fault Transform 47,825 40.5
CTF Continental transform fault Transform 26,134 24.8

Data source: PB2002 plate model, Bird (2003), converted by Hugo Ahlenius, Nordpil, ODC-By 1.0.

Where boundaries are not sharp lines

Some boundaries are wide belts rather than single lines. USGS calls these plate boundary zones Plate boundary zone. A broad belt where the edges of plates are not clearly defined and the boundary is spread across many small blocks. Source . The Mediterranean-Alpine region between the Eurasian and African plates is one: several small fragments, called microplates Microplate. A small fragment of a plate, common in wide plate boundary zones such as the Mediterranean-Alpine region. Source , move between the two large plates. PB2002 handles such areas by adding many small plates, which is why it has 52 plates where older models had about a dozen. Read more on how many tectonic plates there are.

Explore each type

Print this map Plate boundaries worksheet. Lettered spots to label, with an answer key

Glossary

Divergent boundary
Plates pull away from each other and new crust forms between them. Source
Convergent boundary
Plates move toward each other and crust is destroyed as one plate dives under another. Source
Transform boundary
Plates slide horizontally past each other. Crust is neither made nor destroyed. Source
Plate boundary zone
A broad belt where the edges of plates are not clearly defined and the boundary is spread across many small blocks. Source
Microplate
A small fragment of a plate, common in wide plate boundary zones such as the Mediterranean-Alpine region. Source
Relative plate velocity
How fast one plate moves compared with its neighbor across a boundary, in millimeters per year. Source

All terms in the glossary

Plate boundaries FAQ

What are the three types of plate boundaries?
Divergent boundaries, where plates move apart and new crust forms; convergent boundaries, where plates move toward each other and crust is destroyed or crumpled; and transform boundaries, where plates slide past each other and crust is neither made nor destroyed.
How long are all the plate boundaries combined?
In the PB2002 model the boundaries add up to about 260,564 km: 94,840 km divergent, 91,765 km convergent and 73,959 km transform. The totals are measured along the digitized lines, so other models give somewhat different numbers.
Which plate boundary type is the most common?
By length, divergent boundaries lead with 36% of the total. By number of separate segments, transform boundaries lead, because short transform faults cut the mid-ocean ridges into many pieces.
What is a plate boundary zone?
USGS uses the term for broad belts where the boundary is not a single clear line, such as the Mediterranean-Alpine region between the Eurasian and African plates. Several small fragments, or microplates, move within such a zone.
Where does this map come from?
It draws the PB2002 model by Peter Bird (2003), which sorts every boundary step into one of seven classes. We group them into the three USGS types: spreading ridges and continental rifts are divergent; subduction zones and oceanic and continental convergent boundaries are convergent; oceanic and continental transform faults are transform.

Sources: USGS, Understanding plate motions; Bird (2003), An updated digital model of plate boundaries.